Now that Uber’s former chief security officer has been convicted for his handling of a 2016 data breach, what are the potential implications for other security leaders?

It's possible to overthink the consequences of this conviction.  Just act with integrity and don't try to actively cover up/deny a breach.

The implications are more real now. As a security leader, you have to have your security framework documentation, leadership risk acceptance documented and stored in a safe place to cover yourself. Security is not just the security leaders job even though they are face of security.