Generally, what sort of organizational culture problems tend to harm software developers’ productivity and efficiency the most?

When there is chaos normalized, instead of using SCRUM, everybody could define priorities rather than Product. A culture that fosters disorder. Where there is uncertainty instead of a career path. Where there is an overwhelming amount of meetings instead of an email or a Slack message. On calls are based on whims rather than structure. Where there is a lack of leadership. Processes are something that would bring order but Managers are avoiding them. Best practices are avoided for uncontrolled mayhem.

A lack of agency (heavily top-down or high meddling from upper leadership) for the team doing the work. A lack of spaces to showcase unfinished work (because it obfuscates what's going on and sends a message that only a certain bar of stuff is worth sharing, thereby reducing the chances for feedback and cross-pollination. And finally I'd say any culture where there is no strategy around tech debt management. Hyper growth feature mode. Because too many compromises really starts to leave a bad taste in the collective mouth. Also anything with a super high degree of re-orgs.